Roughly 80 per cent of the land birds, 97 per cent of the reptiles and land mammals and 30 per cent of the plants here are found nowhere else. Three ocean currents collide offshore, which is why penguins and tropical rays share the same reef.
VulnerableGalápagos giant tortoise
Chelonoidis niger complex
Twelve or more surviving species, each shaped by its island: saddleback shells on dry islands, domed shells in the wetter highlands. Hunted to near collapse by whalers, now recovering through captive breeding and repatriation.
Santa Cruz highlands · Isabela · Española
VulnerableMarine iguana
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
The only lizard on Earth that forages in the sea, grazing algae off submerged rock and sneezing out the salt. Bodies shrink in lean El Niño years and grow again when the cold currents return.
Every coast, most visibly Fernandina
Critically endangeredPink land iguana
Conolophus marthae
Described only in 2009 and found on the flanks of one volcano, Wolf on northern Isabela. A few hundred animals, with almost no young surviving, which points to introduced predators.
Wolf Volcano, Isabela
Least concernBlue footed booby
Sula nebouxii excisa
The blue of the feet comes from carotenoids in fresh fish, so a bright foot is an honest signal of a bird that is feeding well. Courtship is a slow, deliberate display of exactly that.
Española · North Seymour · Isabela
Critically endangeredWaved albatross
Phoebastria irrorata
Nearly the entire world population breeds on one island, Española, then disperses to feed off Peru. Pairs bond for life through a clattering bill circling ritual.
Española, April to December
VulnerableFlightless cormorant
Nannopterum harrisi
Wings reduced to stubs because nothing here hunted it on land and the fishing was better below. Around 1,700 birds, on the coldest, richest coasts of the archipelago.
Western Isabela · Fernandina
EndangeredGalápagos penguin
Spheniscus mendiculus
The only penguin that breeds north of the equator, surviving on the cold Cromwell Current. Its numbers rise and fall with ocean temperature, a sharp climate indicator.
Isabela · Fernandina · Bartolomé
Endemic radiationDarwin’s finches
Geospiza, Camarhynchus and relatives
Around 17 species from one ancestor, sorted by what a beak can open: seeds, cactus flowers, insects, even blood in the case of the vampire finch on Wolf.
All islands
Least concernSally Lightfoot crab
Grapsus grapsus
The red and blue crab on every black lava shore, and the archipelago’s cleanup crew. Juveniles are almost black, which hides them on the rock.
Every rocky shoreline
Critically endangeredScalloped hammerhead
Sphyrna lewini
Schools of hundreds gather in the currents off Darwin and Wolf, one of the last places where that sight is still routine. The species is collapsing globally, mostly through the fin trade.
Darwin · Wolf
EndangeredWhale shark
Rhincodon typus
Adults passing Darwin between June and November are overwhelmingly large females, many apparently pregnant, which makes these waters important to a species whose breeding grounds are still largely unknown.
Darwin, June to November
EndangeredGalápagos sea lion
Zalophus wollebaeki
Endemic, and the animal most visitors meet first, since colonies sprawl across town docks and benches. Numbers fall sharply in warm water years.
San Cristóbal · Santa Fé · everywhere
EndangeredGreen sea turtle
Chelonia mydas
The only sea turtle that nests in the archipelago. Hatchlings and juveniles shelter in exactly the mangrove lagoons this project aims to restore.
Mangrove bays · nesting beaches
VulnerableGiant manta ray
Mobula birostris
Wingspans beyond six metres, feeding in plankton rich upwellings. Individuals are identified by the spot pattern on the belly, so citizen photographs genuinely contribute to the science.
Northern islands · Isabela channels
EndemicRed lipped batfish
Ogcocephalus darwini
A poor swimmer that walks the sand on modified fins, wearing what looks like a painted mouth. Found almost nowhere else on Earth.
Sandy bottoms, 10 to 75 m
Near threatenedGalápagos shark
Carcharhinus galapagensis
Described from these islands and now known across tropical oceans, but still most reliably seen here, patrolling the drop offs where the currents hit the rock.
Wolf · Darwin · Marchena
EndemicGalápagos garden eel
Heteroconger klausewitzi
Colonies stand out of the sand like grass in a current, retracting as one when a shadow passes. They need clean, moving water over undisturbed sand.
Sheltered sandy slopes
Commercially fishedSea cucumber
Isostichopus fuscus
The species behind the fishing conflicts of the 1990s, stripped from the sea floor for export until quotas and closures followed. Conservation here is inseparable from local livelihoods.
Rocky sea floor, archipelago wide